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The lecture deals with basic physical principles of selected magnetic methods in medicine, which are based on recording of the active magnetic biological signals, as magnetocardiography, magnetoencephalography, and magnetomyography.

Suitable to all study branches.                                                     

The lecture deals with the theoretical background of electromagnetism. It explains and/or repeats basic physical principles and physical terminology, which is used in lectures on magnetic methods in medicine. It explains the basics of electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic induction, measurement principles and devices, magnetometers, gradiometers, Josephson effect, and SQUID.

Suitable to all study branches.

Serological methods are basic diagnostic methods used to identify antibodies and antigens in patient sample (serum, plasma). Agglutination and precipitation belong to classical serological methods that are used in diagnosis of infectious diseases (antibodies screening), serotyping of microorganisms and human blood group typing. Agglutination is based on reaction of particular (insoluble) antigen with antibodies, whereas precipitation involves reaction of colloidal (soluble) antigen and antibodies. In the immunodiagnostics an agglutination method as Coombs test is used to determine anti Rh antibodies in pregnant women (diagnosis of hemolytic disease of newborn). Another agglutination method involves latex agglutination that is used to determine, i.e. rheumatoid factor (diagnosis of autoimmune diseases) and hemagglutination method that can be used in, i.e. antibodies screening against Treponema pallidum, the main cause of syphilis. Radial immunodiffusion assay belongs to the precipitation method. This quantitative assay is based on immunodiffusion of antigens and antibodies in the gel and can be used in level analysis of complement components (C3, C4), inflammation proteins (CRP) and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). Modern precipitation methods performed in fluid involve nephelometry and turbidimetry.

Serological methods are basic diagnostic methods used to identify antibodies and antigens in patient sample. Up-to-date serological methods involve detection of unknown concentration of antigen or antibodies in patient sample using specific labelled antibodies. In immunodiagnostics, the most used serological methods are: immunofluorescence (IF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoblotting (Western blotting). Immunofluorescence (IF) detects antigens or antibodies by fluorochrome-labelled antibodies under fluorescence microscope. In the immunodiagnostics the IF is applied to detect autoantibodies in the tissue or patient serum. ELISA detects antigens and antibodies using enzyme-labelled antibodies following evaluation by spectrophotometry. In the immunodiagnostics, ELISA is widely used in quantitative analysis of autoantibodies, antibodies to vaccination antigens, bacterial and viral antigens, cytokines, etc. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a quantitative and sensitive diagnostic method to detect antigens or antibodies by radioisotope-labelled antibodies. In the immunodiagnostics, the RIA is used to detect the level of IgE involved in allergic reactions. Immunoblotting is a qualitative method based on protein separation in gel following by their transfer from the gel to the membrane and protein detection by enzyme-labelled antibodies. ELISA and immunoblotting belongs to the serological methods used in the confirmation of HIV positivity.

Presentation provides basic information on the HLA-complex and transplantation immunology, with focus on kidney and haematopoetic stem cell transplantations. Most important HLA-typing methods are explained as well as other techniques used in donor-recipient pair selection.           

Pulmonary medicine and phthiseology, pulmonary function testing, internal medicine, laboratory result analysis for studets of General Medicine and Dentistry.                                                                                                                                                                  

Vedecké bádanie nie je výučbovým predmetom. Preto táto knižka nie je učebnicou a nemá ani usporiadanie – od jednoduchého k zložitému. Je to písaná forma názorov a skúseností, ktoré by mohol využiť záujemca v oblasti biologicko-lekárskych vied. Štyri menšie časti sú prevzaté z knihy Úvod do vedeckého bádania, ktorá vyvolala priaznivé ohlasy.

Educational materials for students of 3^rd class General Medicine.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) – prezentácia obsahuje základné princípy EBM, hierarchickú kategorizáciu dôkazov, informačné zdroje EBM a praktickú ukážku vyhľadávania „dôkazov“ v databáze PubMed.                        

Bolesť je Svetovou zdravotníckou organizáciou (WHO) a medzinárodnou spoločnosťou pre štúdium a liečbu bolesti (IASP) definovaná ako „nepríjemná senzorická a emocionálna skúsenosť spojená s akútnym či potencionálnym poškodením tkanív alebo je popisovaná výrazmi takéhoto poškodenia.. Bolesť je vždy subjektívna“.

Histocompatibility molecules are genetically determined proteins present in membranes of all nucleated cells. They form a unique system for which the term “Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)” was coined. Each vertebrate species is characterised by its own MHC; that of humans has an abbreviation HLA. This acronym is derived from the words: “human leucocyte antigens” as its fist molecules were discovered in membranes of leucocytes.

Homework – 26. 3. 2020: for students of 3^rd class, study program General Medicine.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Educational materials for students of 3^rd and 6^th class General Medicine - 3^rd Department of Internal Medicine FMCU and University Hospital Bratislava.                                                                                                                          

The education and training of medical doctors and other health professionals are undergoing fundamental transformation in a worldwide context. The traditional teaching models are currently being substituted or complemented by up-to date study models. They open more space to innovative pedagogic strategies that facilitate active learning and student-centred teaching approaches.
Team-based learning (TBL) is an innovative teaching/learning strategy that is based on students’ learning in small teams. It is a relatively new approach in medical education, but the evidence for its academic effectiveness in this field is growing.
Authors of the booklet provide an overview of the basic concepts of the TBL and share their experience with introducing TBL into physiology teaching of medical students.

Students of 4th class, study program General Medicine, who attend practicals in Neurology at 2nd Department of Neurology FMCU and UHB write a report on the topic which did not take place according the regular schedule. The papers with the report (3-4 pages, format A4) should be sent to email address: neurologia2@kr.unb.sk Deadline: 10.4. 2020.                      

Self-study instructions for students of the 5th year General Medicine, Mandatory study literature, Topics, Lectures.
Self-study instructions for students of the 6th year General Medicine, Mandatory study literature, Topics, Lectures.