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Antibodies. B cells
Antibodies are molecules of glycoprotein nature that have ability to bind antigens either soluble or bound in membranes of cells in a specific way. They are present in plasma and in tissue fluids (lymph, saliva, tears etc.). As most of antibodies belong to the gamma globulins of plasma proteins, they were previously known under the term gammaglobulins; their contemporary nomenclature is immunoglobulins (Ig). There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgE, respectively. They have specific biochemical structure and function. The principal biological role is to bind antigens; except it, they can activate the complement, opsonise bacteria, bind to receptors of various cell of the immune system etc.
B lymphocytes and plasma cells
B lymphocytes are principal cells that mediate humoral adaptive immunity. After their maturation in the bone marrow, B cells enter peripheral lymphoid tissues, which are the sites of interaction with foreign antigens. Production of antibodies is initiated by the interaction of antigens with a small number of mature B cells specific for each antigen. An antigen binds to the membrane receptors on specific B cells and initiates a series of responses that lead to two principal changes: cell proliferation resulting in expansion of the clone, and differentiation to either plasma cells actively secreting antibodies or to memory cells.
Key words: B cells, subsets of B cells, memory B cells, plasma cells
Antigen presentation; T cell mediated immunity
..tein antigens are no able to induce an immune.. .. being previously processed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Following their processing that.. .. them to T cells; moreover, they activate them and polarise to a specific biological functions... .. by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Following their processing that comprises their splitting to.. ..T cells are not unique population of cells. There.. .. cells are not unique population of cells. There are.. .. that express αβ T cell receptors and those that express γσT cell.. .. memory T cells (Tm) appear, too. They remember their inducers and subsequent introduction of the.. .. are not unique, we can distinguish there basic subsets: helper, cytotoxic and regulatory. Moreover, T.. ..keywords: tigen presenting cells, HLA molecules, T cells and.. ..keywords: presenting cells, HLA molecules, T cells and their.. ..keywords: presenting cells, HLA molecules, T cells and their.. ..keywords: presenting cells, HLA molecules, T cells and their.. ..keywords: cells, HLA molecules, T cells and their subsets.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Prílohy:
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Foeto-maternal relationships. The immune system of newborns
.. success of pregnancy depends on a proper implantation and induction of immune tolerance. The.. .. secures it by various mechanisms – special cells, cytokines, HLA molecules, peripheral tolerance.. .. of pregnancy depends on a proper implantation and induction of immune tolerance. The immune system.. .. success of pregnancy depends on three the most important biological events:.. .. of a blastocyt, invasion of trophoblast cells into decidua and myometrium to enable them an.. .. invasion of trophoblast cells into decidua and myometrium to enable them an adequate.. .. the myometrium. T cells, those of Th2 and Treg subsets, respectively, down-regulated maternal immune.. ..keywords: tocyst, NK cells, HLA molecules, tolerance, immune.. ..keywords: NK cells, HLA molecules, tolerance, immune system of.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Prílohy:
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Phagocytosis. Inflammation
..tosis is a process of bacteria engulfment and.. .. engulfment and their killing. The phagocytic cells of mammals belong to two complementary systems,.. .. is a process of bacteria engulfment and their killing. The phagocytic cells of mammals.. .. is a process of bacteria engulfment and their killing. The phagocytic cells of mammals belong.. ..tion is a defence mechanism, which aims to kill.. .. into several steps: recruitment of inflammatory cells into a site where germs entered the body, local.. .. germs, restrict a damage of an affected tissue and restore a previous physiological state. Process.. .. production of neutrophils by the bone marrow and their output (leucocytosis ), an increased level of.. ..keywords: taxis, cytokines, opsonins, phagocytosis,.. ..keywords: opsonins, phagocytosis, inflammation, prostagland.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Prílohy:
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - part II
..tinuation of the endocrine system description.
.. .. thymus, gonadal glands and also chromaffine cells.. .. regulatory role of hypothalamus, pineal gland, thymus, gonadal glands and also chromaffine.. ..keywords: system, hypothalamus, epiphysis, thymus, gonadal.. ..keywords: epiphysis, thymus, gonadal glands, chromaffine cells.. ..keywords: hypothalamus, epiphysis, thymus, gonadal glands, chromaffine cells.. .. Zora Haviarová Attachments:
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Cytokines. PAMPs and PRRs
..tokines are soluble peptides that induce.. .. activation, proliferation and differentiation of cells of the immune system. Moreover, cytokines.. .. peptides that induce activation, proliferation and differentiation of cells of the immune system... .. few days and there are no specialised organs for their synthesis. Cytokines influence target cell in 4.. ..tive immunity recognises an infinite variety of.. .. without them. Moreover, they are not present in cells of their hosts. The term “Pathogen.. .. patterns (PAMPs”) was coined for them and receptors recognising them are called.. .. of microbes (that are absolutely vital for their life, germs cannot survive without them... ..keywords: tokines, interleukins, molecular patterns of.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Attachments:
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Cytokines. PAMPs and PRRs
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16.3.2012
11.09 MB
MEFANET..
Milestones of Immunology, Immune system - an overview, Antigen
.. people perceive Immunology as a scientific branch that studies defence of an organism.. .. defence of an organism against germs, cancer cells, toxins etc. Nowadays, Immunology is defined a.. .. branch that studies immunity, its cellular and molecular processes that proceed after a foreign.. .. the morphological point of view, the immune system.. .. numerous leucocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells etc., altogether are there app. 1012 cells. One.. .. app. 1 kg in adults. It consists of primary and secondary lymphoid organs, numerous leucocytes,.. ..keywords: tones of Immunology, notable personalities,.. ..keywords: of Immunology, notable personalities, Structure and function of the immune system, Antigens, ABO and.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Attachments:
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HLA complex and its significance in biology and medicine
..tocompatibility molecules are genetically.. .. proteins present in membranes of all nucleated cells. They form a unique system for which the term.. ..The genetic region of the HLA complex is located.. .. they mediate presentation of antigens to T cells, are involved in cooperation of cells o the.. .. on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21.3) and occupies a large segment of DNA, extending about.. ..keywords: tocompatibility molecules, HLA system, chromosome.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Prílohy:
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HLA complex and its significance in biology and..
Immunodeficiencies. AIDS
..The lecture deals with primary and secondary.. .. lecture deals with primary and secondary immunodefeciencies. It gives an.. .. overview on general clinical manifestations and their divisions according to the type of the immune.. .. (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency type I (HIV-1) and II (HIV-2) viruses,.. .. infected bush meat.
HIV infects a variety of cells of the immune system, including CD4-expressing.. .. caused by human immunodeficiency type I (HIV-1) and II (HIV-2) viruses, respectively. HIV-1 was.. ..keywords: AIDS, HIV infections, Epidemiology,.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Prílohy:
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The complent system and its biological significance
..tibodies manage to protect us against germs.. .. (opsonisation), what makes their engulfment and killing by phagocytes easier and more effective.. .. germs principally by two ways: by enveloping their surfaces (opsonisation), what makes their.. ..The complement system, consists of more than 35.. .. lectin, and alternative. Except target cells lysis, the complement mediates also other.. .. the body. Most of them are produced in the liver and by macrophages what makes them readily available.. .. are present in the body in an inactive state and their activation proceeds stepwise: once a complement.. ..keywords: tibodies, complement, lysis of target cells, imune.. ..keywords: complement, lysis of target cells, imune complexes, deficiencies of .. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Attachments:
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The complent system and its biological significance
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29.2.2012
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Type I hypersensitivity (Allergy)
..Type I hypersensitivity belongs to the most common.. .. within minutes of antigen challenge, and results in conspicuous clinical.. ..tibodies belonging to IgE class mediate this type.. .. IgE antibodies bind to Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils. When these cell-associated.. .. antibodies bind to Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils. When these cell-associated antibodies.. .. urticaria, hay fever, asthma, and atopic eczema. Their treatment is based on a neutralisation of.. ..keywords: anaphylaxis, atopy, IgE antibodies,.. .. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc. Prílohy:
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