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In the next semester, we are opening more courses for doctors, students and scientists.

Scientific research is an integral part of the medical profession. Today is the age of evidencebased medicine, the incapacity of interpretation of scientific studies is incompatible with quality performance of the medical profession.

Starts on March 17, 2021.

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Topographic anatomy of regions of head and neck. Cranium. Temporomandibular joint. Muscles of mastication. Muscles of facial expression. Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. Larynx. Salivary glands. Motor and sensory innervation of face and oral cavity. Lymphoid system of face and neck. Coniotomy, tracheotomy.

Study materials from course "Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" for Dentistry 6th class.
Students are divided in out-patient offices and for assistance in one minor and two major operating rooms. At seminars and consultations actual patients are demonstrated as case reports of various pathology. The patients from in-patient department are also arranged for that purpose.

Refractive surgery is a surgery that treats eye problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Study materials from course "Maxillofacial Surgery 3" for Dentistry 6^th class.
The subject Maxillofacial Surgery is divided in three courses within three semesters of study of Dentistry at the Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava and it is finished by oral exam at winter semester in the 6^th class.

Self-study instructions for students of the 5th year General Medicine, Mandatory study literature, Topics, Lectures.
Self-study instructions for students of the 6th year General Medicine, Mandatory study literature, Topics, Lectures.                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Study materials from course "Maxillofacial Surgery 1" for Dentistry 5^th class.
The subject Maxillofacial Surgery is divided in three courses within three semesters of study of Dentistry at the Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava and it is finished by oral exam at winter semester in the 6^th class.

Elaborate a 2. semester work according to study groups on the given clinical cases. The semestral work must be elaborated by each student separately, it should contain the latest theoretical and practical knowledge of the issue in the range of 1-2 pages A4.                                                                                       

The IRIS “University without Walls” workshop program created at the Duke University, Durham, USA, is the problem-based training approach on developing of skills to prepare and carry out research project and to collaborate on common project in multidisciplinary international team.

September 11 - 16, 2020. Western Slovakia (near to Bratislava), Slovakia.

Presentations from lectures for students of 5^th year class.

IPF is defined as a specific form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, occurring primarily in older adults, limited to the lungs, and associated with the histopathologic and/or radiologic pattern of UIP.                            

Lecture for students of General Medicine and Dentistry. 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th year.

• I. part - Definition, pathophysiology of local and systemic changes, diagnosis,
• II. part - Systemic and local treatment of burns.

Bronchoscopy is one of the most obvious invasive examination in pneumology. Diagnostic bronchoscopy: development of sofisticated technology allowe to perform some diagnostic procedures to make a diagnosis. Therapeutic (interventional) bronchoscopy is a method to perform some treatment modalities in tracheobronchial tree.

The lecture „X-rays: Sources and Spectra“ is aimed to explain X-ray origin, their energy spectra (line and continuous), their interactions with matter, radiation attenuation and properties of X-rays important for medical applications.                                                                                                                                              

Pneumonia - a serious health problem. One of the most common infectious diseases. Important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Community – acquired pneumonia is the sixth cause of death worldwide. Increased incidence of pneumonia with increasing age.                                                      

The lecture „Radioactivity III“ is aimed to explain gamma decay, interaction of gamma rays with matter, energy spectra, radiation attenuation, and protection against radiation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Describes the muscles of the head and neck regions and also their topographical regions.

The presentation gives instructions for the better learning and understanding of the chapter: Muscles of the Head and Neck and topographical regions of the head and neck. Describes the muscles in the groups and layers and finally provides the localisation and content of the topographical regions.

Glaucoma is a chronic progressive neuropathy caused by conditions which lead to damage of the optic nerve and consequently loss of visual function. The most common risk factor is raised intraocular pressure.
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world.                                                  

Clinical anatomy of the lymphatic system.

Clinical anatomy of the lymphatic system - the lecture for the 4^th year medical students (General Medicine branch), compulsory optional subject Clinical anatomy. Provides the descriptom of the lymphatic system structures from the point of view of the clinical anatomy.

Seminar for students of 6^th class. Surgical Diseases of Oesophagus.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Continuation of the endocrine system description.

Endocrine system - part II. The lecture for the 1^st year medical students - Dentistry branch (English programme) - continuation of the part I: describes regulatory role of hypothalamus, pineal gland, thymus, gonadal glands and also chromaffine cells system.

Human eye works like a digital camera.

Light is focused primarily by the cornea — the clear front surface of the eye, which acts like a camera lens.
The iris of the eye functions like the diaphragm of a camera, controlling the amount of light reaching the back of the eye by automatically adjusting the size of the pupil (aperture).

Homework – 26. 3. 2020: for students of 3^rd class, study program General Medicine.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Ocular trauma is one of the most under-recognized causes of vision loss in the developed world. Blunt or penetrating ocular trauma can lead to vision loss through cataract or glaucoma. Etiologies of ocular injury differ in urban areas compared to other settings, and differ from country to country, between different regions of the world, and between differing demographic or socioeconomic classes.

Most frequent uveal tumors are “ocular melanoma,” “uveal melanoma,” or “choroidal melanoma” are often used interchangeably. The terms describe melanomas, which arise from the eye, and can occur in the iris, ciliary body and/or choroidal regions of the eye. Melanomas are cancers that arise from specific types of pigmented (colored) cells in the body. Melanomas of the eye are rare.

The lecture „Radioactivity II“ is aimed to explain alpha and beta decays, interaction of these particles with matter, energy spectra and range of particles, protection against radiation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

In spite of being a small organ, the eyelids contain numerous histological elements that can be the origin of benign and malignant lesions.
The eyelids are composed of four layers: Skin and subcutaneous tissue, striated muscle (orbicularis oculi), tarsus, and conjunctiva.                                                                                                                                                          

Describes the clinical antomy of the structures of the cardiovascular system: heart and vessels.

Clinical anatomy of the cardiovascular system- the lecture for the 4^th year medical students (General Medicine branch), compulsory optional subject Clinical anatomy - summer semester. The lecture provides the description of the cardiovascular system structures from their clinical anatomical point of view.

Lecture for General Medicine and Stomatology students

Neuro-ophthalmology is an academically-oriented subspecialty that merges the fields of neurology and ophthalmology, often dealing with complex systemic diseases that have manifestations in the visual system.                                                                               

Endocryne system of the human body.

Decription of the endocrine system - part I. The lecture for the 1^st year medical students - Dentistry branch (English Programme): describes the role, structures of the system. Provides also the description of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenals, endocrine part of pancreas and pituitary gland.

Elaboration of semester work for 5th class Dentistry students group 1a, 1b, 3b from Maxillofacial surgery. The semestral work must be elaborated by each student separately, it should contain the latest theoretical knowledge of the issue in the range of 1-2 pages A4.                                                                                       

Educational materials for students - 3^rd Department of Internal Medicine FMCU and University Hospital Bratislava.

Guidelines from Cardiology.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

Powerpoint presentation intended for home studying regarding the lecture for 4^th year dentistry students due to the COVID situation.
2^nd Department of surgery LFUK, UNB sv. Cyril a Metoda, Antolská street, No 11, Bratislava.                                  

The wall of the eye has 3 main layers. From outside to inside there is: the white sclera, a blood vessel layer called the uvea (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and an inner retinal layer. Further, the pigment producing cells, “melanocytes” are primarily found in the vascular uveal layer. It is those melanocytes that can turn into malignant melanoma. Therefore, when melanoma happens in the choroid, they are called “choroidal melanoma,” the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. That said, choroidal melanomas are rare with 5 to10 out of each million people diagnosed with a choroidal melanoma each year. Choroidal melanomas can spread to other parts of the body.

The small intestine is divided into two anatomical portions: the jejunum, which constitutes the proximal two-fifths, and the thinner ileum, which occupies the right iliac fossa and pelvis.                                                 

Orbital tumors can be benign or malignant and arise primarily within the orbit or secondarily from an adjacent source, such as the eyelid, paranasal sinus, or intracranial compartment. Orbital tumors can also be metastatic from distant sites.
Some types of orbital tumors usually cause proptosis and displacement of the globe in a direction opposite the tumor. Pain, diplopia, and vision loss may also be present. The diagnosis of orbital tumors is suspected based on the history, examination, and neuroimaging (CT, MRI, or both), but confirmation often ultimately requires a biopsy. Causes and treatment vary by age group.

Study materials for students 4^th class Genaral Medicine, VLa.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Conjunctival melanocytic lesions are the most common tumors of the conjunctiva, comprising 52% of all conjunctival tumors. Several classifications have been suggested for conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Thus far, the 1980 World Health Organization (WHO) classification has been most widely used and includes three pathologic categories: conjunctival nevus, conjunctival melanosis, and malignant melanoma (MM). 

Study materials for 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th year students dentistry during homestudy due to coronavirus situation.                                                                 

Elaboration of semester work for 4th class Dentistry students group 2a,2b,3b from oral surgery. The senestral work must be elaborated by each student separately, it should contain the latest theoretical knowledge of the issue in the range of 2-3 pages A4.                                                                                                    

This work consists of basic information about pediatric ophthalmology.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

Students of 4th class, study program General Medicine, who attend practicals in Neurology at 2nd Department of Neurology FMCU and UHB write a report on the topic which did not take place according the regular schedule. The papers with the report (3-4 pages, format A4) should be sent to email address: neurologia2@kr.unb.sk Deadline: 10.4. 2020.                      

Investigation in hematology. Blood diseases. Lymphadenopathy. Anemias. Acute leukemias. Chronic leukemias. Myeloprolipherative neoplasmas. Lymphomas. Splenomegaly. Transfusiology. Hemostasis disorders.                                     

Pulmonary medicine and phthiseology, pulmonary function testing, internal medicine, laboratory result analysis for studets of General Medicine and Dentistry.                                                                                                                                                                  

 E-book containing learning text for students of 5th and 6th years of medical faculties as well as for postgraduate physicians. In the individual chapters breast anatomy and physiology diagnosis and treatment of breast diseases, etc. is discussed. It contains many pictures and tables with classifications of radiological, cytological and histological findings.

General surgery.
Powerpoint presentation intended for home studying regarding the lecture for 3^rd year dentistry students - lecture from 12.3.2020 was cancelled due to the COVID situation.
2^nd Department of surgery LFUK, UNB sv. Cyril a Metoda.                                                    

Human skin seems to be simply external coverage of the human body. This statement is not completely true, as human skin, in addition to its protective function from the external environment, does have a range of other functions such as mechanical barrier, external immune barrier, participation in thermoregulation, excretion of sweat and sebum, sensory functions, and identification functions for the human being. Skin is the largest organ of the human body, as its average surface in adult persons is about 2 m² and its total mass is about 5 kg. An extensive burn injury affecting more than 20% of the body surface area, can lead to temporary, or permanent dysfunction or failure of the skin organ which could become a life threatening situation.

Educational materials for students of 3^rd class General Medicine.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Network MEFANET (www.mefanet.cz)

This inter-university project had been prepared since 2006. The network of medical faculties (MEFANET) was finally established on 20th of June 2007 at the constitutive meeting of the Coordinating Council in Prague.

Medical faculties (MF) involved in the MEFANET project

• MF at the Masaryk University (Brno)
• MF at the Comenius University in Bratislava
• Jessenius MF in Martin at the Comenius University
• MF at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
• MF at the Palacky University in Olomouc
• 1. MF at the Charles University in Prague
• 2. MF at the Charles University in Prague
• 3. MF at the Charles University in Prague
• MF in Hradec Králové at the Charles University in Prague
• MF in Plzeň at the Charles University in Prague

Central gate of the MEFANET project

http://portal.mefanet.cz/index-en.php

Educational materials for students of 3^rd and 6^th class General Medicine - 3^rd Department of Internal Medicine FMCU and University Hospital Bratislava.                                                                                                                          

The first issue of MEFANETin - bulletin of the MEFANET project - was released in January 2008. You can download the latest issue and archive issues on this page or on page of Profect MEFANET.

General surgery. Powerpoint presentation intended for home studying regarding the lecture for 4th. year dentistry students - lecture was cancelled due to the COVID situation.                                                                              

Primary hemostasis. Blood coagulation. Investigation of hemostasis. Platelets disorders. Acquired coagulpathies. Coagulopathy in liver disorders. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Acquired hemophilia. Inherited coagulopathies. Hemophilia A and B. Von Willebrand disease. Venous thromboembolism. Thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis. Inherited and acquired thrombophilia.

Investigation in hematology. Blood diseases. Lymphadenopathy. Anemias. Acute leukemias. Chronic leukemias . Myeloprolipherative neoplasmas. Lymphomas. Splenomegaly. Transfusiology. Hemostasis disorders.                                                                         

Lecture for 4^th year students. Surgery of anal canal and rectum. Anatomy. Colorectal and Anorectal Vascular Supply. Investigations. Ulcerative Colitis. Rectal Cancer. Hemorrhoids. Anal fissure. Anorectal abscess. Fistula in ano.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

The education and training of medical doctors and other health professionals are undergoing fundamental transformation in a worldwide context. The traditional teaching models are currently being substituted or complemented by up-to date study models. They open more space to innovative pedagogic strategies that facilitate active learning and student-centred teaching approaches.
Team-based learning (TBL) is an innovative teaching/learning strategy that is based on students’ learning in small teams. It is a relatively new approach in medical education, but the evidence for its academic effectiveness in this field is growing.
Authors of the booklet provide an overview of the basic concepts of the TBL and share their experience with introducing TBL into physiology teaching of medical students.

B lymphocytes are principal cells that mediate humoral adaptive immunity. After their maturation in the bone marrow, B cells enter peripheral lymphoid tissues, which are the sites of interaction with foreign antigens. Production of antibodies is initiated by the interaction of antigens with a small number of mature B cells specific for each antigen. An antigen binds to the membrane receptors on specific B cells and initiates a series of responses that lead to two principal changes: cell proliferation resulting in expansion of the clone, and differentiation to either plasma cells actively secreting antibodies or to memory cells.

Key words: B cells, subsets of B cells, memory B cells, plasma cells