Principles of refrative surgery

Laser refractive surgery procedures (such as laser in-situ keratomileusis), surface ablation techniques (such as laser epithelial keratomileusis), and photorefractive keratectomy have now been established as safe procedures that produce excellent visual outcomes for patients with low-to-moderate amounts of refractive errors.

Phakic intraocular implants and refractive lens exchange might be useful options in some patients for correcting high degrees of ametropia.

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• Ophthalmology [079]